Understanding Omega 3 Fatty Acids: Their Benefits for Dogs and Cats

As pet owners, we strive to provide our furry companions with the best possible nutrition to ensure their health and longevity. A key component of a balanced diet for dogs and cats is omega-3 fatty acids, specifically alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). These essential fatty acids play crucial roles in maintaining the overall well-being of our pets.

Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids

• Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA): Alpha-linolenic acid is a precursor to the longer chain omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (EPA and DHA, respectively) and requires enzymatic conversion into these beneficial fatty acids. This fatty acid is primarily a plant-based omega-3 fatty acids found in sources like flaxseed, canola oil, and chia seeds.¹
• Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA): EPA and DHA are long-chain omega-3 fatty acids primarily found in marine sources such as fish oil, krill oil, and algae.^2,6 They are considered essential because pets cannot synthesize them in sufficient quantities from shorter-chain omega-3 fatty acids, such as ALA (alpha-linolenic acid).⁷ Both EPA and DHA play significant roles in reducing inflammation, supporting heart health, modulating the immune system, aiding in cognitive function, and promoting healthy skin and coat .⁸ Essential for proper neurological development and function, DHA is essential for growing puppies and kittens and an important nutrient for aging pets.¹⁰ It is also a critical structural component of the brain, retina, and nervous system.⁹

Why EPA and DHA Specifically Take the Spotlight

While ALA is beneficial, dogs and cats have limited abilities to convert it efficiently into EPA and DHA, the biologically active forms of omega-3 fatty acids.³ This is due to the low activation of an enzyme delta-6 (Δ-6) desaturase in dogs that is almost nonexistent in cats.^4-5 Therefore, providing EPA and DHA directly through their diet is crucial for optimal health in puppies and kittens and can beneficial for adult animals as well.

Health Benefits of EPA and DHA

Anti-Inflammatory Effects

Chronic inflammation is a common underlying factor that can be created by stress, diet, obesity, intestinal dysbiosis, arthritis, allergies, and inflammatory bowel disease, which in turn can be caused by stress, diet, obesity, and/or intestinal dysbiosis.^12,11 By incorporating EPA and DHA into the diet, dogs and cats may experience reduced inflammation, leading to decreased pain and better overall health.¹³

Joint Health

Osteoarthritis is estimated to affect up to 20% of dogs over the age of one, and in cats, it’s estimated that 61% over the age of six will be affected.^14-15 Although osteoarthritis commonly develops in older, overweight cats and dogs, it can affect cats and dogs of all ages, sizes, and breeds. Supplementation with EPA and DHA can help reduce the production of inflammatory cytokines and enzymes that break down cartilage.^16-17 Supplementing with EPA and DHA may alleviate symptoms of arthritis, improve joint function, and enhance the quality of life for older dogs and cats or those with joint problems.

Cardiovascular Health

In canine and feline models, DHA and EPA have been shown to reduce the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias, a common issue in various cardiac diseases.¹⁸ Their benefit is the stabilization of heart muscle cell membranes, this stabilization helps to prevent irregular heartbeats. Additionally, these omega-3 fatty acids reduce the levels of pro-inflammatory molecules, which can promote irregular hearbeats.¹⁹ They also help by maintaining smooth blood flow and preventing the formation of blood clots (thrombosis). In addition, omega-3 fatty acids, particularly DHA and EPA, enhance the production of nitric oxide in humans.²⁰ This molecule promotes the widening of blood vessels, leading to improved blood flow.

Skin and Coat Health

Dogs and cats with skin conditions, allergies, or dry, flaky skin can benefit significantly from EPA and DHA. Omega-3s help reduce the production of inflammatory molecules in the body, potentially improving skin conditions like allergies, dermatitis, or other inflammatory skin conditions.²¹ Inflammation can damage the skin barrier, leading to increased water loss and dry skin. The skin also produces natural oils that coat the hair, providing shine and protection. Omega-3 fatty acids help regulate the production of these oils, resulting in a shiny, healthy coat.²² Regular supplementation can lead to visible improvements in the skin and coat condition.

Cognitive Function

In puppies and kittens, adequate DHA levels are needed for proper brain development by promoting the growth of new neurons (neurogenesis) and the formation of synapses (synaptogenesis), both of which are necessary for learning and memory.^23,24,25 For adult pets undergoing training or engaging in new activities, omega-3 fatty acids can enhance their capacity to retain and learn new information.²⁶

As pets age, they may experience cognitive decline, akin to the cognitive changes seen in humans. This condition in pets is known as Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome and is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects older dogs and cats. This disease is marked by a gradual decline in memory, learning, and awareness.²⁷ Omega-3 fatty acids can help slow the progression of age-related cognitive disorders and regular intake of EPA and DHA may alleviate symptoms of cognitive dysfunction syndrome, in these pets, potentially improving their quality of life.²⁸

Vision Health

As a major component of the retina, the part of the eye responsible for capturing light and sending visual signals to the brain, DHA aids in the development of vision.²⁹ Proper visual acuity is essential for a young animal's ability to interact with its environment and to learn from visual cues. Supplementation of EPA and DHA help preserve vision by supporting the health of the nervous system and reducing inflammation, ensuring your pets remain alert and engaged with their environment.

Dosage and Considerations

While EPA and DHA offer numerous health benefits for dogs and cats, it is important to ensure proper dosage and consider individual needs. Here are some key points to keep in mind:

1. Consult with a Veterinarian: Before adding any additional omega-3 fatty acids to a pet's diet, consult with an animal nutritionists or veterinarian. They can assess a pet's specific needs, recommend appropriate dosages, and monitor for any potential side effects.
2. Quality and Purity: When choosing supplements, opt for high-quality products that undergo rigorous testing for purity and potency. Look for supplements that are free from contaminants such as heavy metals and toxins. Reach out to brands and request that they provide third-party testing results to ensure the safety and efficacy of their products.
3. Dosage Guidelines and Adjustments: The appropriate dosage of EPA and DHA varies based on factors such as a pet's size, age, and health condition. Since these guidelines can vary, it is essential to follow a veterinarian's or nutritionist’s recommendations. After starting a pet on EPA and DHA supplements, monitor their response and adjust as needed. Some pets may require higher or lower dosages depending on their individual needs. Regular check-ups with a veterinarian can help ensure a pet is receiving the optimal amount of these essential fatty acids.

Conclusion

EPA and DHA are vital components of a balanced diet for dogs and cats, young and old alike. These essential omega-3 fatty acids offer a wide range of health benefits, including anti-inflammatory effects, improved joint health, cardiovascular support, and enhanced cognitive function. Ensuring an adequate intake of EPA and DHA can lead to improved health outcomes, supporting both the physical and mental well-being of dogs and cats at all life stages.

References

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About the Author

Dr. Katy Miller works as the Director of Veterinary Services at BSM Partners. She earned her veterinary degree at Ross University and completed her clinical year at Louisiana State University. She previously served for 11 years as the Director of Dog and Cat Health and Nutrition for Mud Bay where she earned multiple certifications and specialized in pet food nutriton, prior to which she practiced general and emergency medicine for seven years. She is also a competitive three-day eventer, licensed falconer, and claims only two (Golden and Mini Doxie) of their nine dogs.